11/1/2009
Choose your battles wisely ~ give patience where patience is due, and continually ask God for wisdom in discipline.
..............
a blog for me to say (or type) anything and everything that I view as important, relevant and interesting!


in Kudat and the name of the resort is Kudat Riviera.
| NAPPIES Environmental Impact - calculations |
Table 1
| Effect of changing energy use assumptions on home washed reusable system | |||||
| Composite kWh per wash | Assumption | Washing behaviour | Reduction in global warming (mainly CO2) and fossil resource use | Reduction in kWh rel. to 1.38 | Total global warming (kg CO2 equivs) |
| 1.38 | EA baseline 1997 UK machines Table 5.7 | EA terry users distribution, Table 2.27 | nil (baseline) | nil | 559 (Table 8.13) |
| 1.20 | ERM sensitivity 2000 UK machines Fig 9.5 | EA terry users distribution, table 2.27 | 6% | 13% | 525 |
| 1.25 | No washes above 60o, 1997 machines | WEN calculation using terry distribution, modified (see calc) | 4% | 10% | 534 |
| 0.95 | A-rated machines | Terry distribution of washing temps | 14% | 31% | 481 |
| 0.86 | A-rated | No washes above 60°C | 17% | 38% | 464 |
KWh use derived from National Energy Foundation information www.natenergy.org.uk/washing.htm using the distribution of washing temperatures from the Environment Agency Life Cycle Assessment of reusable and disposable nappies 2005 www.environment-agency.gov.uk.
Energy use, with its global warming potential, is a major impact of all nappy systems. Use of washing machines from 1997 was assumed for the reusable system. The effect of using machines as bought in 2000 was tested, and gave a reduction in CO2 of 6%. The report finds that “electricity use for nappy care is the most significant single contributor to the impacts assessed”, yet the effect of further improvements in washing machines, and of following nappy companies’ instructions and washing at 60oC or below was not tested. The LCA assumed a 1.38 kWh wash, but a 0.86 kWh wash will soon be the average. (DEFRA Market Transformation Programme: UK Energy Consumption of Domestic Washing Machines 22/01/2005 www.mtprog.com)
Table 2
| Effect of changing type of wash and energy rating | |||||||||||||
| No 70°C or 50°C (1) | 1997, not above 60°C (2) | B-rated | A-rated | A-rated, not above 60°C | |||||||||
| EA washing temp (3) | % of washes | kWh (ERM) Table 5.7 | weighted kWh | % of washes | weighted kWh | % of washes | weighted kWh | kWh per wash | weighted kWh | kWh per wash | weighted kWh | % of washes | weighted kWh |
| 90°C | 32.1% | 1.77 | 0.57 | 33.2% | 0.59 | 1.46 | 0.48 | 1.22 | 0.41 | ||||
| 80°C | 0.0% | 1.63 | 0.00 | ||||||||||
| 70°C | 7.1% | 1.50 | 0.11 | ||||||||||
| 60°C | 35.7% | 1.36 | 0.49 | 45.9% | 0.62 | 79.1% | 1.08 | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.94 | 0.43 | 79.1% | 0.74 |
| 50°C | 7.1% | 1.09 | 0.08 | ||||||||||
| 40°C | 17.9% | 0.82 | 0.15 | 20.9% | 0.17 | 20.9% | 0.17 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 20.9% | 0.12 |
| Total kWh per wash | 1.38 | 1.38 | 1.25 | 1.14 | 0.95 | 0.86 | |||||||
| Percent reduction in kWh relative to 1.38 | 9.9% | 17.7% | 31.1% | 37.8% | |||||||||
Notes
1. The Environment Agency Survey found that people washed with the distribution in column 2. (Table 5.7 of LCA) Public information on washing machine energy use uses three temperatures only: 90°C, 60°C & 40°C. To make comparisons with lower energy machines easier, the percentages were redistributed as fairly as possible so that some of those washing at 70°C were moved up to 90°C, and others down to 60°C; and similarly with those washing at 50°C. This gave a modified distribution with the same energy use as the EA: 1.38 kWh. This distribution was used to obtain all the other washing energies.
2. Table 2 tests the effect of no-one washing above 60°C
3. Table 1 calculates the approximate effect on the global warming potential in kg of CO2 equivalent. Using the results of the sensitivity analysis in the LCA where a change in machines from those bought in 1997 to machines bought in 2000 gives a 6% drop in CO2 (Fig. 9.5) the approximate drops for other changes in washing machine energy and use are calculated in the final column using Table 8.13.
By using an A rated machine and following manufacturers instructions to wash at 60o parents can reduce energy use and global warming impact by 17%.
Many parents use 20-24 nappies. By using half the 47.5 nappies suggested in the Environment Agency report parents can half the 13.8% global warming impacts associated with their production, storage and transport home making an additional saving of 6.9%.
Therefore by using 24 nappies (saving 6.9%) and laundering them in an A rated machine at 60 o parents can reduce energy use and global warming impact by 23.9% rounded to 24%.


God grant me the serenity
to accept the things I cannot change;
courage to change the things I can;
and wisdom to know the difference.
Living one day at a time;
Enjoying one moment at a time;
Accepting hardships as the pathway to peace;
Taking, as He did, this sinful world
as it is, not as I would have it;
Trusting that He will make all things right
if I surrender to His Will;
That I may be reasonably happy in this life
and supremely happy with Him
Forever in the next.
Amen.
--Reinhold Niebuhr
and, am sending this to encourage myself:
Dear Missah,Trust in the LORD with all your heartand lean not on your own understanding;
in all your ways acknowledge him,
and he will direct your paths.Proverbs 3, 5-6
for God is good all the time and all the time God is good!
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